随着人类太空探索事业的发展,如何保障航天员的生命安全已成为一个不容回避的现实问题。对此,在广大成员国的推动下,以联合国为核心的国际组织制定并通过了一系列关于规范太空活动行为和防范太空活动风险的制度规范,构成了相关的国际空间法体系,其中具有代表性的是《外层空间条约》(Outer Space Treaty)和《营救协定》(Rescue Agreement),两者均具备永久有效期。中国分别于1983年和1988年签署了这两份文件。
图为电影《火星救援》剧照
作为国际空间法体系的第一部成文法,《外层空间条约》确立了对太空活动的一系列指导原则,其中就对航天员的营救行动。第五条指出:“发现航天员有意外事故、危难或在另一当事国境内或公海上紧急降落之情形,应给予一切可能协助。在航天员作此种降落时,应即将其安全而迅速送回航天器登记国(States Parties to the Treaty shall regard astronauts as envoys of mankind in outer space and shall render to them all possible assistance in the event of accident, distress, or emergency landing on the territory of another State Party or on the high seas. When astronauts make such a landing, they shall be safely and promptly returned to the State of registry of their space vehicle)。”
《营救协定》则对营救行动作了更加详细的规定。基于《外层空间条约》第五条所指的情形,《营救协定》第一条说明了缔约国应如何提供协助——首先,通知发射当局,如果不能查明或联系上发射当局,立即动用一切可用的通讯手段告知公众;其次,向联合国秘书长通报,联合国秘书长再动用一切可用的通讯手段告知公众(Notify the launching authority or, if it cannot identify and immediately communicate with the launching authority, immediately make a public announcement by all appropriate means of communication at its disposal; Notify the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who should disseminate the information without delay by all appropriate means of communication at his disposal)。
第二条提出,如果有航天员因各种意外原因在某缔约国管辖领域内降落,该缔约国应立即采取一切可能措施营救此人,并提供一切必要协助,该缔约国应将所采步骤及其进展情形通知发射当局及联合国秘书长(If, owing to accident, distress, emergency or unintended landing, the personnel of a spacecraft land in territory under the jurisdiction of a contracting party, it shall immediately take all possible steps to rescue them and render them al necessary assistance. It shall inform the launching authority and also the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the steps it is taking and of their progress)。
第三条则补充了航天员降落于公海上或不属任何国家管辖之地点的情形,并要求具备援助能力的缔约国对搜救行动提供支持,同时将搜救进展通知发射当局及联合国秘书长(If information is received or it is discovered that the personnel of a spacecraft have alighted on the high seas or in any other place not under the jurisdiction of any state, those contracting parties which are in a position to do so shall, if necessary, extend assistance in search and rescue operations for such personnel to assure their speedy rescue. They shall inform the launching authority and the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the steps they are taking and of their progress)。